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Gene doping is defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency as "the non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or of the modulation of gene expression, having the capacity to improve athletic performance".〔() 〕 A complex ethical and philosophical issue is what defines "gene doping", especially in the context of bioethical debates about human enhancement. The idea stems from research done in the 1970s to treat human diseases by fixing the underlying genes.〔FRIEDMANN, THEODORE. 2010. How close are we to gene doping? Hastings Center Report 40, (2) (03): 20-2, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=49164747&site=ehost-live.〕 An example of gene doping could involve the recreational use of gene therapies intended to treat muscle-wasting disorders. Other applications include increasing muscle growth, blood production, endurance, oxygen dispersal and pain resistance. In such cases, nothing unusual would enter the bloodstream so officials would be a lot better and not detect anything in a blood or urine test.〔Barry, Patrick. 2008. Finding the golden genes. Science News 174, (3) (Aug. 2): 16-21, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20494726.〕 The new gene may be identical to the natural gene and may not be in every cell of the body. Some viruses target certain organs, such as the kidney or liver, thus only samples taken from these areas could lead to detection.〔A case in gene doping: Repoxygen. (cover story). 2008. Science News 174, (3) (08/02): 19-, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=33461741&site=ehost-live. 〕 The historical development of policy associated with gene doping began in 2001 when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical Commission met to discuss the implications of gene therapy for sport. It was shortly followed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which met in 2002 to discuss genetic enhancement at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. Also in 2002, the United States President’s Council on Bioethics met twice to discuss the ethics of genetic technology related to sport. In 2003, WADA decided to include a prohibition of gene doping within their World Anti-Doping Code, which is formalized in its 2004 World Anti-Doping Code. Further, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) met in 2003 and 2004 to discuss the science and ethics of gene transfer technology for sport. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has already asked scientists to help find ways to prevent gene therapy from becoming the newest means of doping. In December 2005, the World Anti-Doping Agency hosted its second landmark meeting on gene doping and drafted a declaration on gene doping which, for the first time, included a strong discouragement of the use of genetic testing for performance. In September 2010 a WADA funded research project reported for the first time that the direct and long-term detection of gene doping by the abuse of gene transfer techniques is possible in conventional blood samples.〔http://www.nature.com/gt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/gt2010122a.html〕 The first product to be associated with genetic doping emerged on the approach to the Turin 2006 Olympic Winter Games, where repoxygen was discussed as a possible substance in use at the Games. == Targets for gene doping == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gene doping」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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